Lukas Holzapfel

1. A Robust Backscatter Modulation Scheme for Uninterrupted Ultrasonic Powering and Back-Communication of Deep Implants
   Lukas Holzapfel; Vasiliki Giagka;
   IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,
   2024. DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465268
   
   Abstract: ...

   Traditionally, implants are powered by batteries, which have to be recharged by an inductive power link. In the recent years, ultrasonic power links are being investigated, promising more available power for deeply implanted miniaturized devices. These implants often need to transfer back information. For ultrasonically powered implants, this is usually achieved with On-Off Keying based on backscatter modulation, or active driving of a secondary transducer. In this paper, we propose to superimpose subcarriers, effectively leveraging Frequency-Shift Keying, which increases the robustness of the link against interference and fading. It also allows for simultaneous powering and communication, and inherently provides the possibility of frequency domain multiplexing for implant networks. The modulation scheme can be implemented in miniaturized application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, and microcontrollers. We have validated this modulation scheme in a water tank during continuous ultrasound and movement. We achieved symbol rates of up to 104 kBd, and were able to transfer data through 20 cm of water and through a 5 cm tissue phantom with additional misalignment and during movements. This approach could provide a robust uplink for miniaturized implants that are located deep inside the body and need continuous ultrasonic powering.
   
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2. On the Stimulation Artifact Reduction during Electrophysiological Recording of Compound Nerve Action Potentials
   Raphael Panskus; Lukas Holzapfel; Wouter A. Serdijn; Vasiliki Giagka;
   In in Proc. 45th Int. Conf. of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology (EMBC) 2023,
   IEEE, July 2023.
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3. Ultrasound for Data Transfers from Deep Implants: an Experimental Comparison Between Binary-Frequency-Shift-Keying and On-Off-Keying with Backscatter Modulation
   Lukas Holzapfel; Vasiliki Giagka;
   In In Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) 2023,
   IEEE, pp. 1-4, September 2023.
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4. Stand-Alone Broad Frequency Range Charge- Balancing System for Neural Stimulators
   Jana M. Späth; Konstantina Kolovou Kouri; Lukas Holzapfel; Roland Thewes; Vasiliki Giagka;
   In in Proc. IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) 2023,
   2023.
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